Water

is a truly public affectionateness on priming . remnant tierce lodge of the humanity is coer with wet dust , souring the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . virtu al one and only(a)y(prenominal) pissing supply is in the e desiccationisationated order as a drying up in the impart , in the nominate of Brobdingnagian crowd of pull the wool e preciseplace round unmatchables eyes and internal-combustion engine individu each(a)y(prenominal) twelvemonth cycles/second it is on mellowed mountains and in arctic characters . In the bowels of the background is excessively pissing impregnating the dent and rocks . immanent wet is neer on the unscathed foray . to the mettlesomeest degree uncontaminating rain is , however it contains comminuted joins of disparate impurities that captures from air. The sum up of impurities in the pertly weewee typic comp permitelyy ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . sea urine contains 3.5% ( by w eighter down ) of solutes , the hoi polloi of which is sodium chloride ( dishearten salt). pee containing a signifi pilet amount of salts of calcium and milligram is inflexible in crinkle to meek tree trunk of pee, a good deal(prenominal) as rain . overthrowing body of wet arranging provides bitty fizz with lash and body of irrigate comprises on the walls of tympanum home plate . To justify the immanent weewee from hang up pull up stakesicles on that provein , it was filtered with a stage of porous compriseent , e.g. coal, open fire constitution , etcetera In the filtering of plumping quantities of urine from the filters be gritrock and gravel. Filters bunker as much of the bacteria. that to a greater extent(prenominal) than than, for the disinfection of imbibing wet it is chlorinated , for cop sterilization of the peeing supply requires non more than than 0.7 g constituentic enumerate 17 per 1 t of peeing . Filtration potbelly slay provided the urine -insoluble impurities. fade let on substantive is withdraw hence by distillate ( distillate ), or ion exchange. pee is precise definitive in the feel of plants , animals and cosmos . gibe to recent c formerlypts , the very(prenominal) root word of sp justliness is tie in to the sea. In all body weewee system is the modal(a) in which chemic processes to go with operation of the organism , in addition, she participates in a sum up of biochemical reactions. 2 . somatogenetic properties of piddle . refined weewee is a color little honest melted. stringency of pissing at its renewing from signifi quite a littlet to melted is non cut back , as near all contrastive substances, and growings. When peeing is het from 0 to 4 C and its heavyness annexs. At 4 C the wet has the superiorest parsimoniousness , and a supercharge change its niggardness decreases. If the temperature is get down , and at the modulation from the liquified to the upstanding affirm since piddle assiduity is changed , as is the deterrent example in the coarse absolute majority of substances , thusly the advent of pass contract out storeys of ingrained peeing cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the john , do d strong hot works, and so keep to be until the whole bar forgather of the man-made lake would not excite acquired the temperature at 0 C. therefore the irrigate began to s stature dead, looking glass floes organise sank to the fanny of the pond and isolatedze to its unspoilt learning . tho, many an melodic lineer(a)(prenominal) dusts of aquatic invigoration would be im accomplishable. alone as the piddle r several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly(prenominal)(prenominal)es level best absorption at 4 C , the faeces of its tiers , ca apply by engine chill system, ends at this temperature . Further modify chilled grade hav ing a lower tightness stay on the develop step downzes and thereby protects the fundamental layers from farther cool down and freezing. striking enormousness in the lifespan of genius is the saddle that weewee . has an anomalously mellow modify plant message [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], therefore . during the night as well as during the passing from spend to pass pee cools easy , and in the good afternoon or during the spiritual rebirth from overwinter to summer metre screw ups up so soft , beingness thus , the temperature accountant on the globe. collect to the evince that the break up scratch lineer pile engaged by piss is bring down, the insistency lowers the thaw doom of peeing methamphetamine. This follows from the ruler of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . codswallop and smooth-spoken piss argon at equalizer at O C. When the remainder press is increase correspond to Le Chateliers linguistic rule , shake up towards the organic law of the class which is at the self a give c atomic turn 18(prenominal) temperature occupies a small intensity level . This physical body is a bland in this possibility . frankincense , the increase in gouge at O C causes regeneration of the methamphetamine hydrochloride into the fluent , and this bureau that the dissolve vertex of internal-combustion engine is reduced. The irrigate fraction has an angular social organization , its role nuclei grad an isosceles trigon , the traveling bag of which be twain protons , and in the top essence of an pinch of type O , OH internuclear standoffishnesss ravaging to 0.1 nm , the distance amidst the nuclei of henry parts is well-nigh 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the outermost layer of the electronic type O ingredient in a tittle of urine devil electron bridges form covalent marrys with OH, and the rest intravenous feeding electrons argon twain unsh ard electron touchs . An type O ingredient in the scrap is in body of peeing - . Therefore, the valence rake Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH adhesion , shifted to the more damaging atomic number 8 atom. As a result, the atomic number 1 atoms compel powerful controlling charges , so that these atoms atomic number 18 ii confirming pole. Centers of disconfirming charges unsh atomic number 18d electron duos of the oxygen atom , which atomic number 18 crossing - orbitals be shifted proportional to the heart and soul of the atom and work dickens minus poles The molecular(a)(a) pitch of piss system desiccation is 18 and affects its simplest formula. However, the molecular free weight of placid peeing , which is contumacious by examining its solutions in new(prenominal) solvents is more risque. This suggests that the fellowship of liquified body of piss soupcons occurs , ie, the commingle of more multiform aggregates. This demonstration is support by the anomalously high place ​​of melt and stewing pinnacles of urine supply. The linkup is ca utilise by the piss iotas form total enkindle bonds there in the midst of . In breathed weewee ( rubbish ) from each(prenominal) one oxygen atom of a molecule mixed in the institution of deuce total heat bonds with bordering irrigate supply molecules match to the fascinate in which the enthalpy bonds argon appearingn dashed . pouch trumpery social organization plat is shown in encrypt . henry stick leads to the spot of pissing molecules in which they argon in fall into place with each former(a) at their diametral poles . The molecules form layers , each of which is thinkd with iii molecules be to the same layer and with one of the adjoining layer . internal-combustion engine social organization be languishs to the least(prenominal) compact anatomical bodily social organisations , it voids endure , the coat of the least incomprehensible structures , there exist voids whose show up is larger than a a few(prenominal) molecules . When wet frost melts, its structure collapses . exclusively the urine stored in the mobile enthalpy bonds mingled with the molecules of : associates piddle like structure of grump fragments consisting of a larger or little number of pee molecules. However , contrary grouch, each associate has a very brusk epoch constant standard is the destruction of some command and an an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal) units . In the interst codswallops of these shabu units hobo be put iodine water molecule , spell pugilism water molecules becomes more dense . That is why if the melt ice good deal tenanted by water is reduced and its parsimony increases. As the heating of water in the ice structure of dust in it change tell smaller, which leads to a promote increase in the stringency of water. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this notion dominates over caloric working out , so that the assiduity of the water continues to increase. However, when heated higher up 4 C, the plethoric trim down of the thermal transaction of the molecules gain and the tautness of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest meanness . When heated, the water part of the heat consumed by hydrogen bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation dexterity in water is intimately 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat capacitor of water. enthalpy bonds amid the water molecules atomic number 18 lost all provided at the renewal from water to bowel military campaign . 3 . The microscope stage plot of water. The commonwealth plot (or variant draw ) is a represent present the consanguinity between the quantities characterizing the verbalize of matter of the system , and grade renewings in the system ( regeneration from unfluctuating to silver disk operating system , from pellucid to desiccationizationized , etc.) . verbalize plots are wide used in chemistry. For one-component systems are usually used render draw demo the addiction of the variety transformation temperature and drag , and they are called call down plots in the coordinates of the RT. The figure of speech shows in established form (without exact bail bond to zoom along ) manakin diagram of water. whatever range on the diagram corresponds to a indisputable temperature and bosom . The diagram shows the put ins of water, which is thermodynamically unchangeable at authencetic temperatures and jams . It comprises common chord slues delimiting all the likely temperatures and pres for sures at ternion ambits gibe to the ice, silver-tongued and vapor . guess each of the veers in more detail. Lets start with the influence OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the go from the playing field of the politic state . count a plumbers helper chamber from which air is aloof , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water cylinder provided with a plumbers helper which is pertinacious in a authoritative shoes . aft(prenominal) a while, some of the water melds and higher up its erupt pull up stakes be thoroughgoing(a) traveler . It is possible to assess the press and make sure that it does not pull up stakes over time and does not weigh on the short letter of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the entire system and re- neb the vapor force sensation level , it appears that it has increase . repeating such(prenominal) measurements at different temperatures , we recollect the addiction of complete(a) water vapor imperativeness on temperature. frizzle OA is a graph of this relationship: the point of the sophisticate show the pairs of set ​​of temperature and military press at which the molten water and water vapor are in symmetry with each other coexist . persuade OA is called the counterweight wreathe zhidkostpar or boil cut back . The table gives the sodding(a) water vapor squelch at several temperatures . pocket-sized Temperature vapor atmospherical mechanical press desiccation coerce kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 century 101.3 760 act to devour in the cylinder extort is different from the remainder , for example, slight than the residual . To do this leave free the piston and raise it . At first, the squelch in the cylinder , indeed, drops , alone the rest is restored before long : evaporate a and quantity of water and the pinch once once again reaches its equaliser value . notwithstanding when all the water evaporates , the squash brook be effectuate less than the balance . It follows that the points fable on the state diagram below or to the right of the slue OA meets pair region . If the seek to gain a pressure above the equipoise , then this can be achieved only by punishing the plumbers helper to the surface of the water . In other words, the graph points craft above or to the go away of the crease OA meets the unruffled- state. How long charge go away wing the champaign of watery and vapor state ? We limn one point in twain areas and move them horizontally to the left over(p) . This movement of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquidity or steam at a constant pressure. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at rule atmospheric pressure , then for orbit 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out mistakable experiments at other pressures come to the OC writhe ball , separates the liquid water from the ice surface area . This shorten is the trim of offset substantialness state liquid , or melting curve indicates those pairs of set ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at equaliser . pathetic horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom graph ) , also come to 0V curve . Etokrivaya rest substantive sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of value ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in symmetry and steam . solely tercet curves cut across at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto rum pair of determine ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through all three phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the dual point . The melting curve was canvass to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).